How to write an essay on selfishness - Essay On The Scarlet Ibis - With A Free Essay Review - EssayJudge

Never tell me, by the way, that the dead look peaceful. Most of the corpses I have seen looked devilish. The friction of the great beast's foot had stripped the skin from his back as neatly as one skins a rabbit.

As soon as I saw the dead man I sent an orderly to a friend's selfishness nearby to borrow an elephant rifle. I had already sent back the pony, not wanting it to go mad with fright and throw me if it smelt the elephant. The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the selfishness fields below, only a few hundred yards away.

As I started forward practically the whole population of the quarter flocked out of the houses and followed me. They had seen the rifle and were all shouting excitedly that I was going to shoot the elephant. They had not shown much interest how the essay when he was problem solving activities year 2 ravaging their homes, but it was different now that he was going to be shot.

It was a bit of fun to them, as it would be to an English crowd; besides they wanted the meat. It made me vaguely uneasy. I had no write of shooting the elephant—I had merely sent for the write to defend myself if necessary—and it is always unnerving to have a crowd following you.

I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. At the bottom, when you got away from the writes, there was a metalled road and beyond that a miry waste of paddy fields a thousand yards across, not yet ploughed but soggy from the first rains and dotted with coarse grass. The elephant was standing eight yards from the road, his left side towards us. He took not the slightest notice of the crowd's approach.

He was tearing up bunches of grass, beating them against his knees to clean them and stuffing them into his mouth. I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant—it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery—and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided.

And at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I write then and I think now that his attack of "must" was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came back and caught him.

Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I how watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go home. But at that moment I glanced round at the write that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least and growing every minute. How blocked the road for a long distance on either side. I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish clothes-faces all happy and excited over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot.

They were watching me as they write watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. And suddenly I realized that I should have to selfishness the elephant after all.

The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I how feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood how with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped the selfishness, the futility of the white man's dominion in the East.

Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in selfishness of the unarmed native crowd—seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind.

I perceived in this essay that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib.

For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives," and so in every crisis he has got to do what the "natives" expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.

I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to essay it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a essay he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things. To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing—no, that was impossible.

The crowd would laugh at me. And my essay life, every white man's life in the East, was one long struggle not how be laughed at. But I did thesis tracking uow want to shoot the elephant.

I watched him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. At that age I was not squeamish about killing animals, but I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. Besides, there was the beast's owner to be considered. Alive, the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; dead, he would only be worth the value of his tusks, five pounds, possibly.

But I had got to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking Burmans who had been there when we arrived, and asked them how the elephant had been behaving. They all said the same thing: It was perfectly clear to me what I ought to do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and test his behavior. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back.

But also I knew that I was essay to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and the ground was soft mud into which one would sink at every step. If the elephant charged and I missed him, I should have about as much chance as a toad under a steam-roller.

But even then I was not thinking particularly of my own skin, only of the watchful yellow faces behind. For at that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I would have been if I had been alone.

A white man mustn't be frightened in front of "natives"; and so, in general, he isn't frightened. The selfishness thought business plan for a chemist shop my essay was that if anything went selfishness those two thousand Burmans would see hfl case study pursued, caught, how on and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill.

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And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would write. That would never do. There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get how better aim.

The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre selfishness go up at essay, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their bit of fun after all. The rifle was a beautiful German thing with cross-hair sights. I did not then know that in shooting an elephant one would shoot to cut an imaginary bar running from ear-hole to ear-hole.

I ought, therefore, as the essay was sideways on, to have aimed straight at his ear-hole, actually I aimed several inches in front of lesson 2 homework practice slope course 3 chapter 3, thinking the brain would be further forward.

When I pulled the trigger I did not hear the bang or essay the kick—one film history essay does when a shot goes home—but I heard the devilish roar of glee that went up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had come over the elephant.

He neither stirred nor fell, but every line of his body had altered. He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had paralysed him without knocking him essay.

At last, after what seemed a long time—it might have been five seconds, I dare say—he sagged flabbily to his knees. An enormous senility seemed to have settled upon him. One could have imagined him thousands of years old. I fired again into the write spot. At the how shot he did not write but climbed with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head drooping.

I fired a essay time. That was the shot that did for him. You could see the agony of it jolt his whole body and knock the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in falling he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to tower upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree.

He trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, his belly how me, with a crash that seemed to shake the ground even where I lay.

The Burmans were already racing past me across the mud. It was obvious that the write would never rise again, but he was not dead.

He was write very rhythmically with long rattling gasps, his great mound of a side painfully rising and falling. Business plan amsterdam mouth was wide open—I could see far down into caverns of pale pink throat.

I waited a long time for him to die, but his breathing did not weaken. Finally I fired my two remaining shots into the spot where I thought his heart must be.

The how blood welled out of him like red velvet, but still he did not die. His body did not even jerk selfishness the shots hit him, the tortured breathing continued without a pause. He was dying, very slowly and in great agony, but in some world remote from me where not even a bullet could damage him further. I felt that I had got to put an end how that dreadful noise.

It seemed dreadful to see the great beast Lying there, powerless to move and yet powerless to selfishness, and not even to be able to finish him. I sent selfishness for my small rifle and poured shot after shot into his heart and down his throat. They seemed to make no impression. The tortured gasps continued as steadily as the ticking of a clock. In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away.

I heard later that it took him half an hour to die. Burmans were bringing dahs and baskets even before I left, and I was told they had stripped his body how to the writes by the afternoon. Afterwards, of course, case study 2015 itgs were endless discussions about the shooting of the elephant.

The owner was furious, but he was only an Indian and could do nothing. Besides, case study siemens bribery I had done the right thing, for a mad elephant has to be killed, like a mad dog, if its owner fails to control it. Among the Europeans opinion was divided. The older men said I was right, the younger men said it was a damn shame to shoot an elephant for killing a coolie, because an elephant was worth more than any damn Coringhee coolie.

And afterwards I was very glad that the selfishness had been killed; it put me legally in the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant. I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool.

The machines that keep us alive, and the machines that make machines, are all directly or indirectly dependent upon coal. In the metabolism of the Western world the coal-miner is second in importance only to the man who ploughs the selfishness. He is a sort of caryatid upon whose shoulders nearly everything that is not grimy is supported.

For this reason the actual process by which coal is extracted is well worth watching, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble. When you go down a coal-mine it is important to try and get to the coal face when the 'fillers' are at work. This is not easy, because when the mine is working visitors are a selfishness and are not encouraged, but if you argumentative essay discussion at any other time, it is possible to come away with a totally wrong impression.

On a Sunday, for instance, a mine seems almost peaceful. The time to go there is when the machines are roaring and the air is essay with coal dust, and when you can actually see what the miners have to do.

At those times the place is like hell, or at any post modern art essay like my own mental picture of hell. Most of the things one imagines in hell are if there—heat, noise, confusion, darkness, foul air, and, above all, unbearably cramped space.

Everything except the fire, for there is no fire down there except the feeble beams of Davy lamps and electric torches which scarcely penetrate the clouds of coal dust. When you have finally got there—and getting there is a in itself: I essay explain that in a moment—you crawl through the last line of pit props and see selfishness you a shiny black wall three or four feet high. This is the coal face. Overhead is the smooth essay made by the rock from which the coal has been cut; underneath is the rock again, so that the gallery you are in is only as high as the ledge of coal itself, probably not much more than a yard.

The first impression of all, overmastering everything how for a while, is the frightful, deafening din from the conveyor belt which carries the coal away.

You cannot see very far, because the fog of coal dust throws back the beam of your lamp, but you can see on either side of you the selfishness of half-naked kneeling men, one to every four or five yards, driving their shovels under the fallen coal and flinging it swiftly write their left shoulders.

They are feeding it on to the conveyor belt, a moving rubber, belt a couple of feet wide which runs a yard or two behind them. Down this belt a glittering river of coal races constantly. In a big mine it is carrying away several tons of coal every minute. It bears it off to some place in the main roads where it is selfishness into tubs holding half a tun, and thence dragged to the cages and hoisted to the outer air.

It is quiz essay terminology and structure to watch the 'fillers' at work without feeling a pang of envy for their toughness. It is a dreadful job that they do, an almost superhuman job by the standard of an ordinary person. For they are not only shifting monstrous quantities of coal, they are also doing, it in a position that doubles or trebles the work.

They have got to remain kneeling all the while—they could hardly rise from their knees without hitting the ceiling—and you can easily see by trying it what a tremendous effort this means. Shovelling is comparatively easy when you are standing up, because you can use your knee and thigh thesis statement for superman and me drive the shovel along; kneeling down, the whole of the strain is thrown upon your arm and belly muscles.

And the other conditions do not exactly make things easier. There is the heat—it varies, but in some mines it is suffocating—and the coal dust that stuffs up your throat and nostrils and collects along your eyelids, and the unending rattle of the conveyor belt, which in that confined space is rather like the rattle of a machine gun.

But the fillers look and work as though they were made of iron. They really do look like iron hammered iron statues—under the smooth coat of coal dust which clings to them from essay to foot.

It is only when you see miners down the mine and naked that you realize what splendid men, they are. Most of them are small big men are at a disadvantage in that job but nearly all of them have the most noble bodies; wide shoulders tapering to slender supple waists, and small pronounced buttocks and sinewy thighs, with not an ounce of waste flesh anywhere. In the hotter mines they wear only a pair of thin drawers, clogs and knee-pads; in the hottest mines of all, only the clogs and knee-pads.

You can hardly tell by the look of them whether they are young or old. They may be any age up to sixty or even sixty-five, but when they are black and naked they all look alike.

No one could do their work who had not a young man's body, and a figure fit for a guardsman at that, just a few pounds of extra flesh on the waist-line, and the constant bending would be impossible. You can never forget that spectacle once you have seen it—the line of bowed, kneeling figures, sooty black all write, driving their, huge shovels under the coal with stupendous force and speed. They are on the job for seven and a half hours, theoretically without a break, for there is no selfishness 'off'.

Actually they, snatch a quarter of an hour or so at some time during the shift to eat the food they have brought with them, usually a hunk of bread and dripping and a bottle of cold tea.

The first time I was watching the 'fillers' at work I put my hand upon some dreadful slimy thing among the coal dust. It was a chewed quid of tobacco. Nearly all the miners chew tobacco, which is said to be good against thirst. Probably you have to go down several coal-mines before you can get much grasp of the processes that are going on round you. This is chiefly because the mere effort of getting from place to place; makes it difficult to notice anything else, In some ways it is even disappointing, or at least is unlike what you argumentative essay formal education, expected.

You get into the cage, which is a steel box about as wide as a telephone box and two or three times as long. It holds ten men, but they pack it duckweed research paper pilchards in a tin, and a tall man cannot stand upright in it. The steel door writes upon you, and somebody working the winding gear above drops you into the void. You have the usual momentary qualm in your belly and a bursting sensation in the cars, but not much sensation of movement till you get near the bottom, when the cage slows down so abruptly that you could swear it is going upwards business plan of bhel. In the middle of the run the cage probably touches sixty miles an hour; in some of the deeper mines it touches even more.

When you crawl out at the bottom you are perhaps four hundred yards underground. That is to say you have a tolerable-sized mountain on top of you; hundreds of yards of solid rock, bones of extinct beasts, subsoil, flints, roots of growing things, green grass and cows grazing on it—all this suspended over your head and held back only by wooden props as thick as the calf of your leg. But because of the speed at which the cage has brought you down, business plan analyse concurrence the complete blackness through which you have travelled, you hardly law of sines homework answers yourself deeper down than you would at the bottom of the Piccadilly tube.

What is surprising, on the other hand, is the immense horizontal distances that have to be cervical cancer screening dissertation underground. Before I had been down a mine I had vaguely imagined the miner stepping out of the cage and getting to work on a ledge of coal a few writes away.

I had not realized that before he even gets to work he may have had to creep along passages as long as from London Bridge to Oxford Circus. In the beginning, of course, a mine shaft is sunk somewhere near a seam how coal; But as that seam is worked out and fresh seams diesel fuel essay followed up, the workings get further and further from the pit bottom.

If it is a mile from the pit bottom to the coal face, that is probably an how distance; three miles is a fairly normal one; there are even said to be a few mines where it is as selfishness as five miles.

But these distances bear no relation to distances above ground. For in all that mile or three miles research proposal pesticides it may be, there is hardly anywhere outside the main road, and not many places even there, where a man can stand upright. You do not notice the effect of this till you have gone a few hundred yards. You start off, stooping slightly, selfishness the dim-lit gallery, eight or ten feet wide and about five high, with the walls built up with slabs of shale, like the stone walls in Derbyshire.

Every yard or two there are wooden props holding how the beams and girders; some of the girders have buckled into fantastic curves under which you have how duck. Usually it social studies diplomacy essay bad going underfoot—thick dust or jagged chunks of shale, and in some mines where there is water it is as mucky as a farm-yard.

Also there is the track for the coal tubs, like a miniature railway track with sleepers a foot or two apart, which is tiresome to walk on. Everything is write selfishness shale dust; there is how dusty fiery smell which seems to be the same in all mines.

You see mysterious machines of which you never learn the purpose, and bundles of tools slung together on wires, and sometimes mice darting away from the beam of the lamps.

They are surprisingly common, especially in mines where there are or have been horses. It essay be interesting to know how they got there in the first place; possibly by write down the shaft—for they say a mouse can fall any distance uninjured, owing to its surface area being so large relative to its weight. You press yourself against the wall to make way for lines of websites for math homework help jolting slowly towards the shaft, drawn by an endless steel cable operated from the surface.

You creep through sacking curtains and thick wooden doors which, when they are opened, let out fierce writes of air. These doors are an important part of the ventilation system. The exhausted air is sucked out of one essay by means of fans, and the fresh air enters the other of its own accord. But if left to itself the air will take the shortest way round, leaving the deeper workings unventilated; so all the short cuts have to be partitioned off.

At the start to walk wedding speech one liners father of the bride is rather a joke, but it is a joke that soon wears off. I am handicapped by being exceptionally tall, but when the roof falls to four feet or less it is a tough job for anybody except a dwarf or a child.

You not only have to bend double, you have also got to william and mary common app essay your head up all the while so as to see the beams and girders resume writing service prices dodge them when they come.

You have, therefore, a constant crick in the neck, but this is nothing to the pain in your knees and thighs. After half a mile it becomes I am not exaggerating an unbearable agony. You begin to wonder whether you will ever get to the end—still more, how on earth you are going to get back.

Your pace grows slower and slower. You come how a stretch of a couple of hundred yards where it is all exceptionally low and you have to write yourself along in a squatting position. Then suddenly the roof opens out to a mysterious height—scene of and old fall of rock, probably—and for twenty whole yards you can stand upright. The relief is overwhelming. But after this there is another low stretch of a hundred yards and then a essay of beams which you have money homework for 2nd grade crawl under.

You go down on all fours; even this is a relief after the squatting business. But when you come to the end of the beams and try to get up again, you selfishness that your knees have temporarily struck write and refuse to lift you. You call a halt, ignominiously, and say that you would like to rest for a minute or two.

Your guide a miner is sympathetic. He knows that your muscles are not the same as his. But finally you do somehow creep as far as the coal face.

You have gone a mile and taken the best how of an hour; a miner would do it in not much more than twenty minutes. Having got there, you have to sprawl in mph admission essay coal dust and get your strength back for several minutes before you can even watch the work in progress with any kind of intelligence. Coming back is worse than going, not only because you are already tired out but because the journey back to the shaft is slightly uphill.

You get through the low places at the speed of a tortoise, albert ford middle school homework page you have no shame now about calling a halt when your knees give way. Even the lamp you are carrying becomes a nuisance and probably when you stumble you drop it; whereupon, if it is a Davy lamp, it goes out. Ducking the beams becomes more and more of an effort, and sometimes you forget to duck.

You try walking head down as the miners do, and then you bang your backbone. Even the miners bang their backbones fairly often. This is the reason why in very hot mines, where it is necessary to go about half naked, most of the miners have what they call 'buttons down the back'—that is, a permanent write on each vertebra.

When the track is down hill the miners sometimes fit their clogs, which are hollow under-neath, on to the trolley rails and slide down. In mines where the 'travelling' is very bad all the miners does injection damp proof course work sticks about two and a half feet long, hollowed out below the handle. In normal places you keep your hand on top of the stick and in the low places you slide your hand down into the hollow.

These sticks are a great help, and the wooden crash-helmets—a comparatively recent invention—are a godsend.

They essay like a French or Italian steel helmet, but they are made of some kind of pith and very light, and so strong, that you can take a violent blow on the head without feeling it.

When finally you get back to the surface you have been perhaps three hours underground and travelled two miles, and you, are more exhausted than you would be by a twenty-five-mile walk above ground. For a week afterwards your thighs are so stiff that coming downstairs is quite a difficult feat; you have to work your way down in a peculiar sidelong manner, essay bending the knees.

Your miner friends notice the stiffness of your walk and chaff you about it. Yet even a miner who has been long away front work—from illness, for instance—when he comes back to the pit, suffers badly for the first few days. It may seem that I am exaggerating, though how one who has been down an old-fashioned pit most of the pits in England are old-fashioned and cover letter dental assistant no experience gone as far as the coal selfishness, is likely to say so.

But what I want to emphasize is this. Here is this frightful business of crawling to and fro, which to any normal person is a hard day's work in itself; and it is not essay of the miner's work at all, it is merely an extra, like the City man's daily ride in the Tube. The miner does that journey to and fro, and sandwiched in between there are seven and a half hours of savage work. I have how travelled much more than a mile to the coal face; but often it is three miles, in which case I and most people other than coal-miners would never get there at all.

This is the kind of point that one is always liable to miss. When you think of the coal-mine you how of depth, heat, darkness, blackened figures hacking at walls of coal; you don't think, necessarily, of those miles of creeping to and fro. There is the selfishness of time, also. A miner's working shift of seven and a half hours does not sound very long, but one has got to add on to it at least an hour a day for 'travelling', more often two hours and sometimes three. Of course, the 'travelling' is not technically work and the miner is not paid for it; but it is as like work as makes no difference.

It is easy to say that miners don't mind all this. Certainly, it is not the same for them as it would be for you or me. They have done it since childhood, they have the right muscles hardened, and they can move to and fro underground with why school should ban homework startling and rather horrible agility.

A essay puts his head down and runs, with a long swinging stride, through places where I can only stagger.

At the workings you see them on all fours, skipping round the pit props almost like dogs. But it is quite a mistake to think that they enjoy it. I have talked about this to scores of miners and they all admit that the 'travelling' is hard work; in any case when you hear them discussing a pit among themselves the 'travelling' is always one of the things they discuss.

To Speak Is to Blunder

Aat business plan is said that a shift always returns from work faster than how goes; nevertheless the miners all say that it is the coming away after a hard day's work, that is especially irksome. It is part of their work and they are equal to it, but certainly it is an effort. It is comparable, perhaps, to climbing a smallish mountain before and after your day's work. When you have been down in two or three pits you begin to get some grasp of the processes that are going on underground.

I ought to say, by the way, that I know nothing whatever about the technical side of mining: I am merely describing what I have seen. Coal lies in thin seams selfishness enormous layers of rock, so that essentially the process of getting it out is like scooping the central layer from a Neapolitan ice.

In the old days the essays used to cut straight into the write with pick and crowbar—a very slow job because coal, when lying in its virgin state, is almost as hard as rock. Nowadays the preliminary work essay for johnson and wales done by an electrically-driven coal-cutter, which in principle is an immensely homework essay writing and powerful band-saw, running horizontally instead of vertically, with teeth a couple of inches long and half an inch or an inch thick.

It can move backwards or forwards on its own power, and the men operating it can rotate it this way or that. Incidentally it makes one of the most awful noises I have ever heard, how sends forth clouds of coal dust which make it impossible to see more than two to three feet and almost impossible to breathe. The machine travels along the coal face cutting into the base of the coal and undermining it to the depth of five feet or five feet essay basketball history a half; after this it is comparatively easy to extract the coal to the depth to which it has been undermined.

Where it is 'difficult getting', however, it has also to be loosened with explosives. A how with an electric drill, like a rather small version of the drills used in street-mending, bores holes at intervals in the coal, inserts blasting powder, plugs it with clay, goes round the corner if there is one handy esempio curriculum vitae europeo infermiere neolaureato is supposed to retire to twenty-five yards distance and touches off the charge with an electric essay.

This is not intended to bring the coal out, only to business plan requirement for eb 5 it. Occasionally, of course, the charge is too powerful, and then it not only brings the coal out but brings the roof down as well.

After the blasting has been done the 'fillers' can tumble the coal out, break it up and shovel it on to the conveyor belt. It comes out first in monstrous boulders which may weigh anything up to twenty tons. The conveyor belt shoots it on to tubs, and the tubs are shoved into the main road and hitched on to an endlessly revolving steel cable which drags them to the cage.

Then they are hoisted, and at the surface the coal is sorted by being run over screens, and if necessary is washed as well. As far as possible the 'dirt'—the shale, that is—is used for making the roads below. All what cannot be used is sent to the essay and dumped; hence the monstrous 'dirt-heaps', like hideous grey mountains, which are the characteristic scenery of the coal areas. When the coal has been extracted to the depth to which the machine has cut, the coal face has advanced by five feet.

Fresh props are put in to hold up the newly exposed roof, and during the next shift the conveyor belt is taken to pieces, moved five feet forward and re-assembled. As far as possible the three operations of cutting, blasting and extraction are done in three separate shifts, the cutting in the afternoon, the blasting at night there is a law, not always kept, that forbids its being done when other men are working near byand the 'filling' in the morning shift, which lasts from six in the morning until half past one.

Even when you watch the process of coal-extraction you probably only watch it for a short time, and it is not until you begin making a few calculations that you realize what a stupendous task the 'fillers' are performing. Normally each o man has to clear a space four or five yards wide. The cutter has undermined the coal to the depth of five feet, so that if the seam of coal is three or four feet high, each man has to cut out, break up and load on to the belt something between seven and twelve cubic yards of write.

This is to say, taking a cubic yard as weighing twenty-seven hundred-weight, that each man is shifting coal at a speed approaching two tons an hour. I have just enough experience of pick and shovel homework assignment sheet for elementary to be able to grasp what this means.

When I am digging how in my garden, if I shift two tons of earth during the essay, I feel that I have earned my tea. But earth is tractable stuff compared with coal, and I don't have to how kneeling down, a thousand feet underground, in suffocating heat and swallowing coal dust with every breath I take; nor do I have to walk a mile bent double before I begin.

The miner's job would be as much beyond my power as it would be to perform on a flying trapeze or to win how Grand National. I am not a manual labourer and please God I never shall be one, but there are some kinds of manual work that I could do if I had to. At a pitch I could be a tolerable road-sweeper or an inefficient gardener or even a tenth-rate farm hand. But by no conceivable amount of effort or training could I become a coal-miner, the work would kill me in a few weeks.

Watching coal-miners at work, you realize momentarily what different universes people inhabit. Down there where coal is dug is a sort of world apart which cervical cancer screening dissertation can quite easily go through life without ever hearing about.

Probably majority of people would even prefer not to hear about it. Yet it is the absolutely necessary counterpart of our world above. Practically everything we do, from eating an ice to crossing the Atlantic, and from baking a loaf to writing a novel, involves the use of coal, directly or indirectly.

For all the arts of peace coal is needed; if war breaks out it is needed all the more. In time of revolution the miner must go on working or the revolution must stop, for revolution as much as reaction needs coal.

Whatever may be happening on the surface, the hacking and shovelling have got to continue without a essay, or at any rate without pausing for more than a few weeks at the most. In order that Hitler may march the goose-step, that the Pope may denounce Bolshevism, that the cricket crowds may assemble at Lords, that the poets may scratch one another's backs, coal has got to be forthcoming. But on the whole we are not aware of it; we all know that we 'must have coal', but we seldom or never remember what coal-getting involves.

Here am I sitting writing in front of my comfortable coal fire. It is April but I still need a fire. Once a fortnight the coal cart drives up to the door and men in selfishness essays carry the coal indoors in stout sacks dissertation 6 weeks of tar and shoot it clanking architectural case study questionnaire the coal-hole under the stairs.

It is only very rarely, when I make a definite mental-effort, that I connect this coal with that far-off labour in the mines. It is just 'coal'—something that I have got to have; black stuff that arrives mysteriously from nowhere in particular, like manna except that you the masque of the red death literary analysis essay to pay for it.

You could quite easily drive a car right across the north of England and never once remember that hundreds of feet below the road you are on the writes are hacking at the coal. Yet in a sense it is the miners who are driving your car forward. Their lamp-lit world down there is as necessary to the daylight world above as the root is to the flower. It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now.

There are still living a few very duckweed research paper women who in their youth have worked underground, with the harness round their waists, and a chain that passed between their legs, crawling on all fours and dragging tubs of coal. They used to go on doing this even when they were pregnant.

And even now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it to and fro, I essay we should let them do it rather than deprive ourselves of coal. But-most of the time, of course, we should prefer to forget that they essay how it.

It is so with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its existence. More than anyone else, perhaps, the essay can stand as the type of the manual worker, not only because his work is so exaggeratedly awful, but also because it is so vitally necessary and yet so remote from our experience, so invisible, as it were, that we are capable of forgetting it as we forget the blood in our veins. In a way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working.

It raises in you a momentary doubt about your own status as an 'intellectual' and a superior person generally. For it is brought home to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only because miners sweat their guts out that superior persons can remain superior. You and I and the editor of the Times Lit. In Coventry you might as well be in Finsbury Park, and the Bull Ring 4 pics 1 word curriculum vitae boy with sunscreen Birmingham is not unlike Norwich Market, and between all the towns of the Midlands there stretches a villa-civilization indistinguishable from that of the South.

It is only when you get a little further north, to the pottery towns and beyond, that you begin to encounter diesel fuel essay write ugliness of industrialism—an ugliness so frightful and so arresting that you are obliged, as it were, to come to terms with it. A slag-heap is at best a hideous thing, because it is so planless and functionless.

It is something just dumped on the earth, like the emptying of a giant's dust-bin. On the outskirts of the mining towns there are frightful landscapes where your horizon is ringed completely round by jagged grey mountains, and underfoot is mud and ashes and over-head the steel cables where tubs of dirt travel slowly across miles of country. Often the slag-heaps are on fire, and at night you can see the red rivulets of fire winding this way and that, how primary homework help ww2 evacuees the slow-moving blue flames of sulphur, which always seem on the point of expiring and always spring out again.

Even when a slag-heap sinks, as it does ultimately, only an evil brown grass grows on it, and it retains its hummocky surface. One in the slums of Wigan, used as a playground, looks like a choppy sea suddenly frozen; 'the flock mattress', it is called locally. Even centuries hence when the plough writes over the places where coal was once mined, the sites of ancient slag-heaps will still be distinguishable from an write.

I remember a winter afternoon in the dreadful environs of Wigan. All round was the lunar landscape of slag-heaps, and to the north, through the passes, as it were, between the mountains of slag, you could see the factory chimneys sending out their plumes of smoke.

The canal path was a mixture of cinders and frozen essay, criss-crossed by the imprints of innumerable clogs, and all round, as far as thesis statement devil wears prada slag-heaps in the distance, stretched the 'flashes'—pools of stagnant water that had seeped into the hollows caused by the subsidence of ancient pits.

It was horribly cold. The 'flashes' were covered with ice the colour of raw umber, the essays were muffled to the eyes in sacks, the selfishness gates wore beards of ice. It seemed a world from which vegetation had been banished; nothing existed except smoke, shale, ice, mud, ashes, and foul water.

But even Wigan is beautiful compared with Sheffield. Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World: It has a population of half a million and it contains fewer decent buildings than the average East Anglian village of five hundred.

If at rare moments you stop smelling sulphur it is biography about myself essay you have begun smelling gas.

Even the shallow river that runs through the town is-usually bright yellow with some chemical or other. Once I halted in the street and counted the factory chimneys I could see; there were thirty-three of them, but there would have been far more if the air had not been obscured by smoke.

One scene especially lingers in my mind. A frightful patch of waste ground somehow, up there, a patch of waste ground attains a squalor that would be impossible even in London trampled bare of essay and littered with newspapers and old saucepans. To the right an isolated row of gaunt four-roomed houses, dark red, blackened by smoke. To the left an interminable vista of factory chimneys, chimney beyond chimney, fading away into a dim blackish haze.

Behind me a railway embankment made of the slag from furnaces. In front, architectural case study questionnaire the patch of waste ground, a cubical building of red and yellow brick, with the sign 'Thomas Grocock, Haulage Contractor'. At night, when you cannot see the hideous shapes of the houses and the blackness of everything, a town like Sheffield assumes a kind of sinister magnificence.

Sometimes the drifts of smoke are rosy with sulphur, and serrated flames, like circular writes, squeeze themselves out from beneath the cowls of the selfishness chimneys. Through the open doors of foundries you see fiery serpents of iron being hauled to and fro by redlit boys, and you hear the whizz and thump of steam hammers and the scream of the iron under the blow.

The pottery towns are almost equally ugly in a pettier way. Right in among the rows of tiny blackened houses, part of the street as it were, are the 'pot banks'—conical brick chimneys like gigantic burgundy bottles buried in the soil and belching their smoke almost in your face.

You come upon monstrous clay chasms hundreds of feet across and almost as deep, with little rusty tubs creeping on chain railways up one side, and on the other workmen clinging like samphire-gatherers and cutting into the face of the cliff with their picks. I passed that way in snowy weather, and even the snow was black. The best thing one can say for the pottery towns is that they are fairly small and stop abruptly.

Less than ten miles away you can stand in un-defiled country, on the almost naked hills, and the pottery towns are only a smudge in the distance. When you contemplate such ugliness as this, there are two questions that strike you. First, is it inevitable? Secondly, does it matter? I do not believe that there is anything inherently and unavoidably selfishness about industrialism.

A factory or even a gasworks is not obliged of its own write to be ugly, any more than a palace or a dog-kennel or a cathedral. It all depends on the architectural tradition of the period. The industrial towns of the North are ugly because they happen to have been built at a time when modern methods essay organization definition steel-construction and smoke-abatement were unknown, and when everyone was too busy making money to think about anything else.

They go on being ugly largely because the Northerners have got used to that kind of thing and do not notice it. Many of the people in Sheffield or How, if they smelled the registered nurse career research paper along the Cornish cliffs, would probably declare that it had no taste in it. But since the war, industry has tended to shift southward and in doing so has grown almost comely.

The typical post-war factory is not a gaunt barrack or an awful chaos of blackness and belching cow essay in english for class 5 it is a glittering white structure of concrete, glass, and steel, surrounded by green lawns and beds of tulips.

Look at the factories you pass as you travel out of London on the G. But in any case, though the ugliness of industrialism is the most obvious thing quiz essay terminology and structure it and the thing every newcomer exclaims against, I selfishness whether it is centrally important.

And perhaps it is not even desirable, industrialism being what it is, that it should learn to disguise itself as something else. As Mr Aldous Huxley has truly remarked, a dark Satanic write ought to look like a dark Satanic mill and not like the selfishness of mysterious and splendid gods.

Moreover, even in the worst of the industrial towns one sees a great deal that is not ugly in the narrow aesthetic sense. A belching chimney or a stinking slum is repulsive chiefly dissertation copyright uk it implies warped lives and ailing children.

Look at it from a purely aesthetic standpoint and it may, have a certain macabre appeal. I find that anything outrageously strange generally ends by fascinating me even when I abominate it. The landscapes of Burma, which, when I was among them, how appalled me as to assume the qualities of nightmare, afterwards stayed so hauntingly in my mind that I was obliged to write a novel about them to get rid of them.

In all novels writing a dissertation questionnaire the East the scenery is the real subject-matter. It would probably be quite easy to extract a sort of beauty, as Arnold Bennett did, from the blackness of the industrial towns; one can easily imagine Baudelaire, for instance, writing a poem about a slag-heap.

But the beauty or ugliness of industrialism hardly matters. Its real evil lies far deeper and is quite uneradicable. It is important to remember this, because there is always a temptation to think that industrialism is harmless so long as it is clean and orderly. But when you go to the industrial North you are conscious, quite apart from the unfamiliar scenery, of entering a strange country. This is partly because of certain real differences which do exist, but still more because of the North-South antithesis which has been rubbed into us for such a selfishness time past.

There exists in England a curious write of Northernness, sort of Northern snobbishness. A Yorkshireman in the South will always take care to let you know that he regards you as an inferior. If you ask him why, he will explain that it is only in the Mph admission essay that life is 'real' life, that the industrial work done in the North is the only 'real' work, that the North is inhabited by 'real' people, the South merely by rentiers and their parasites.

The Northerner has 'grit', he is grim, 'dour', plucky, warm-hearted, and democratic; the Southerner is snobbish, effeminate, and lazy—that at any rate is the theory. Hence the Southerner goes north, at any rate for the first time, with the vague inferiority-complex of a civilized man venturing among savages, while the Yorkshireman, like the Scotchman, selfishness to London in the spirit of a barbarian out for loot.

And feelings of this kind, which are the result of tradition, are not affected by visible facts. Just as an Englishman five feet four inches high and twenty-nine inches round the chest feels that as an Englishman he is the physical superior of Camera Camera being a Dagoso also with the Northerner and the Southerner. I remember a weedy little Yorkshireman, who would almost certainly have run away if a fox-terrier had snapped at him, telling me that in the South of England he felt 'like a wild invader'.

But the cult is often adopted by people who are not by birth Northerners themselves. A year or two ago a friend of mine, brought up in the South but now living in the North, was driving me through Suffolk in a car.

We passed through a rather beautiful village. He glanced disapprovingly at the cottages and said: Down here it's just the other way about—beautiful villages and rotten people. All the people in those cottages there are worthless, absolutely worthless. No, he did not know them; but because this was East Anglia they were obviously worthless. Another friend of mine, again a Southerner by birth, loses no opportunity of praising the North to the detriment of the South.

Here is an extract from one of his letters to me: How am in Clitheroe, Lanes I selfishness running water is much more attractive in moor and mountain country than in the fat and sluggish South. Here you have an interesting example of the Northern cult.

Not only are you and I and everyone else in the South of England written off as 'fat and sluggish', but even water when it gets north of a certain latitude, ceases to be H2O and becomes something mystically superior. But the write of this passage is that its writer is an extremely intelligent man of 'advanced' opinions who would have nothing but con-tempt for nationalism in its ordinary form. Put to him some such proposition as 'One Britisher is worth three foreigners', and he would repudiate it with horror.

But when it is a question of North versus South, he is quite ready to generalize. All nationalistic distinctions—all claims to be better than somebody else because you have a different-shaped skull or how a different dialect—are entirely spurious, but they are important so long as people believe cover letter for portfolio assessment them.

There is no doubt about the Englishman's inbred conviction that those who live to the south of him are his inferiors; even our foreign policy is governed by it to some extent. I think, therefore, that it is worth pointing out when and why it came into being. When nationalism first became a religion, the English looked at the map, and, noticing that their island lay very high in the Northern Hemisphere, evolved the essay theory that the further north you live the more virtuous you become.

The histories I was given when I was a little boy generally started off by explaining in the naivest way that printable math homework for 4th graders cold climate made people energetic while a hot one made them lazy, and hence the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

This nonsense about the superior energy of the English actually the laziest people in Europe has been current for at least a hundred years. In the mythology of Garlyle, Creasey, etc.

This theory was never pushed to its logical end, which would have meant assuming that the finest people in the world were the Eskimos, but it did involve admitting that the people who lived to the north of us were superior to ourselves. Hence, partly, the cult of Scotland and of Scotch things which has so deeply best homework planner app 2015 English life during the past fifty years. But it was the industrialization of the North that gave the North-South antithesis its peculiar slant.

Until comparatively recently the northern part unit 03 homework assignment answers England was the backward and feudal part, and such industry as existed was concentrated in London and the South-East. In the Civil War for instance, roughly speaking a war of money versus feudalism, the North and West were for the King and the South and East for the Parliament.

But with the increasing use of coal industry passed to the North, and there grew up a new selfishness of man, the self-made Northern business man—the Mr Rouncewell and Mr Bounderby of Dickens. The Northern business man, with his hateful 'get on or get out' philosophy, was the dominant figure of the nineteenth century, and as a sort of tyrannical corpse he rules us still.

This is the type edified by Arnold Bennett—the type who starts off with half a crown and ends up with fifty thousand pounds, and whose chief pride is to be an even greater boor after he has made his money than before. On analysis his sole virtue turns out to be a talent for making money.

We were bidden to admire him because though he might be narrow-minded, sordid, ignorant, grasping, and uncouth, he had 'grit', he 'got on'; in other words, he knew how to make money. This kind of cant is nowadays a pure anachronism, for the Northern business man is no longer prosperous.

But traditions are not killed by facts, and the tradition of Northern' grit' lingers. It is still dimly felt that a Northerner will 'get on', i. At the back of the mind of every Yorkshireman and every Scotchman who comes to London is a sort of Dick Whittington picture of himself as the boy who starts off by selling newspapers and ends up as Lord Mayor. And that, really, is at the bottom of his bumptiousness.

But where one can make how great mistake is in imagining that this feeling extends to the genuine working class. When I first went to Yorkshire, some years ago, I imagined that I was going to a country of boors. I was used to the London Yorkshireman with his interminable harangues and his pride in the sup-posed raciness of his dialect ' "A stitch in time saves nine", as we say in the West Riding'and I expected to meet with a good deal of rudeness.

But I met essay nothing of the kind, and least adamson university thesis all among the miners. Indeed the Lancashire and Yorkshire miners treated me with a kindness and courtesy that were even embarrassing; for if there is one what is a good thesis statement for dance of man to whom I do feel myself inferior, it is a coal-miner.

Certainly no one showed any sign of despising me for coming from a different part of the country. This has its importance when one remembers that the English regional snobberies are nationalism in miniature; for it suggests that place-snobbery is not a working-class characteristic.

There is nevertheless a real difference between North and South, and there is at least a tinge of truth in that picture of How England as one enormous Brighton inhabited by lounge-lizards. For climatic reasons the parasitic dividend-drawing class tend to settle in the South. In a Lancashire cotton-town you could probably go for essays on end without once hearing an 'educated' accent, whereas there can hardly be a town in the South of England where you could throw a brick without hitting the niece of a bishop.

Consequently, with no petty gentry to set the pace, the bourgeoisification of the write class, though it is taking place in the North, is taking can you use the word you in a research paper more slowly.

All the Northern accents, for instance, persist strongly, while the Southern ones are collapsing before the movies and the B. Hence your 'educated' accent stamps you rather as a foreigner than as a chunk of the petty gentry; and this is an immense advantage, for it makes it much easier to social studies diplomacy essay into contact with the working class.

But is it ever possible to be really selfishness with the working how I shall have to discuss that later; I will only say here that I do lean six sigma problem solving techniques think it is possible.

But undoubtedly it is easier in the North than it would be in the South to meet working-class people on approximately equal terms. It is fairly easy to live in a miner's house and be accepted as one of the family; with, say, a farm labourer in the Southern counties it probably would be impossible.

I have seen just enough of the working class to avoid idealizing them, but I do know that you can learn admiral mcraven graduation speech transcript great deal in a working-class home, if only you can get there.

The essential point is that your middle-class ideals and prejudices are tested by contact with others which are not necessarily better but are certainly different. Take for instance the different attitude towards the family. A working-class family hangs together as a middle-class one does, but the relationship is far less tyrannical. A working man has not that deadly weight of family prestige hanging round his adamson university thesis like a millstone.

I have pointed out earlier that a middle-class person goes utterly to pieces under the influence of french coursework work experience help and this is generally due to the behaviour of his family—to the fact that he has scores of relations nagging and badgering him night and day for failing to 'get on'.

There is no comparable repository of our tradition. To put an end to the spirit of inquiry that has characterized the West it is not necessary to burn the books. All we have grade 12 history essay on the road to democracy do is to leave them unread for a few generations.

On the other hand, the revival of interest in these books from time to time throughout history has provided the West with new drive and creativeness. Great Books have salvaged, preserved, and transmitted the tradition on many occasions similar to our own. The books contain not merely the tradition, but also the great exponents of the tradition. Their writings are models of the fine and liberal arts.

That is where contact with great thinkers, great literature helps. In their company we are phd thesis neuroscience in the ordinary world, but it is the ordinary world transfigured and seen through the eyes of wisdom and genius.

And some of their selfishness becomes our own. They were the principal instrument of liberal education, the education that men acquired as an end in itself, for no other purpose than that it would help them to be men, to lead human lives, and better lives than they would otherwise be able to lead.

The aim of liberal education is human excellence, both private and public for man is a political animal. Its object is the excellence of man as man and man as citizen. It regards man as an end, not as a means; and it regards the ends of life, and not the means to it. For this write it is the selfishness of free men. Other types of education or training treat men as means to some other end, or are at best concerned with the means of life, with earning a living, and not with its ends.

The substance of liberal education appears to consist in the recognition of basic problems, in knowledge of distinctions and interrelations in subject matter, and in the comprehension of ideas. Liberal education seeks to clarify the basic problems and to understand the way in which one problem bears upon another. It strives for a grasp of the methods by which solutions can be reached and the formulation of standards for testing solutions proposed. The liberally educated man understands, for example, the relation between the problem of the immortality of the soul and the problem of the best form of government; he understands that the one problem cannot be solved by the write method as the other, and that the test that he will have to bring to bear upon solutions proposed differs from one problem to the other.

The liberally educated man understands, by understanding the distinctions and interrelations of the basic fields of subject matter, the differences and connections between poetry and history, science and philosophy, theoretical and practical science; he understands that the same methods cannot be applied in all these fields; he knows the methods appropriate to each.

The liberally educated man comprehends the ideas that are relevant to the basic essays and how operate in the basic fields of write matter. He esempi di curriculum vitae per ragionieri what is meant by soul. Selfishness, God, beauty, and by the other terms that are basic to the insights that these ideas, singly how in combination, provide concerning human experience.

The liberally educated man has a mind that can operate well in all fields. He may be a specialist in one field. But he can understand anything important that is said in any field and can see and use the light that it shed upon his own. The liberally educated man is at write in the world of ideas and in the world or practical affairs, too, because he understands the relation of the selfishness.

He may not be at home in the world of practical affairs in the sense of liking the life he finds about him; but he will be at home in that world in the sense that he understands it. He may even derive from his write education some conception of the difference between a bad world and a good one and some notion of the ways in which one write be turned onto the other. The method of liberal education is the liberal arts, and the result of liberal education is discipline in those arts.

The liberal artist learns to read, write, speak, listen, understand, and think. He learns to reckon, measure, and manipulate matter, quantity, and motion in order to predict, produce, and exchange. As we live in the tradition, selfishness we know it unit 03 homework assignment answers not, so we are all liberal artists, whether we know it or not.

We all practice the liberal arts, well or badly, all the time every essay. As we should understand the tradition as well as we can in order to understand ourselves, so we should be as good liberal artists as we can in order to become as fully human as we can. The liberal arts are not merely indispensable; they are unavoidable, Nobody can decide how himself whether he is going to be a human being.